2.3+Kinds+of+matter

KINDS OF MATTER



Chemistry is defined as the study of matter. In this introductory text we will not study all types of matter. Rather, we will concentrate on simple substances, the properties that identify them, and the changes they undergo.

A pure substance consists of a single kind of matter. It always has the same composition and the same set of properties. For example, baking soda is a single kind of matter, known chemically as sodium hydrogen carbonate. A sample of pure baking soda, regardless of its source or size, will be a white solid containing 57.1% sodium, 1.2% hydrogen, 14.3% carbon, and 27.4% oxygen. The sample will dissolve in water. When heated to 270°C the sample will decompose, giving off carbon dioxide and water vapor and leaving a residue of sodium carbonate. Thus, by definition, baking soda is a pure substance because it has a constant composition and a unique set of properties, some of which we have listed. The properties we have described hold true for any sample of baking soda. These properties are the kinds in which we are interested.
 * Pure Substances ** [[image:http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/cTutorial.GIF width="143" height="29" align="textTop" link="http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/Text1/Tx12/Compounds/Compound.htm"]]
 * [[image:http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/Text1/Tx12/NaHCO3.gif width="200" height="98" align="center"]] ||
 * Baking Soda ||

A note about the term //pure//; in this text, the word //pure// means a single substance, not a mixture of substances. As used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), the term //pure// means "fit for human consumption." Milk, whether whole, 2% fat, or skim, may be //pure// (fit for human consumption) by public health standards, but it is not //pure// in the chemical sense. Milk is a mixture of a great many substances, including water, butterfat, proteins, and sugars. Each of these substances is present in different amounts in each of the different kinds of milk (Figure 1.1).



A mixture consists of two or more pure substances. Most of the matter we see around us is composed of mixtures. Seawater contains dissolved salts; river water contains suspended mud; hard water contains salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Both seawater and river water also contain dissolved oxygen, without which fish and other aquatic life could not survive.
 * ** FIGURE 1.1 ** Pure substances versus mixtures. The labels on a carton of milk and a box of baking soda show that milk is a mixture and baking soda is a pure substance. ||
 * Mixtures[[image:http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/cTutorial.GIF width="143" height="29" align="textTop" link="http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/Text1/Tx12/Mixtures/mixture.htm"]]**

Unlike the constant composition of a simple substance, the composition of a mixture can be changed. The properties of the mixture depend on the percentage of each pure substance in it. Steel is an example of a mixture. All steel starts with the pure substance iron. Refiners then add varying percentages of carbon, nickel, chromium, vanadium, or other substances to obtain steels of a desired hardness, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and so on. The properties of a particular type of steel depend not only on which substances are mixed with the iron but also on the relative percentage of each. One type of chromium-nickel steel contains 0.6% chromium and 1.25% nickel. Its surface is easily hardened, a property that makes it valuable in the manufacture of automobile gears, pistons, and transmissions. The stainless steel used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, food-processing equipment, and kitchenware is also a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel; it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Steel with this composition can be polished to a very smooth surface and is very resistant to rusting.

You can often tell from the appearance of a sample whether it is a mixture. For example, if river water is clouded with mud or silt particles, you know it is a mixture. If a layer of brown haze lies over a city, you know the atmosphere is mixed with pollutants. However, the appearance of a sample is not always sufficient evidence by which to judge its composition. A sample of matter may look pure without being so. For instance, air looks like a pure substance but it is actually a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. Rubbing alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid that looks pure but is actually a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water, both of which are clear, colorless liquids. As another example, you cannot look at a piece of metal and know whether it is pure iron or a mixture of iron with some other substance such as chromium or nickel. Figure 1.2 shows the relationships between different kinds of matter.

Taken From: []

The mixtures can be homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

These mixtures are made up of more than one phase or of different parts and can be separated physically. The different components are visibly distinguishable from one another. A chocolate chip cookie, a piece of quartz containing a vein of gold. granite, oil and vinegar, a tossed salad, halo-halo,pizza and a bowl of raisin bran cereal are some examples of hetergeneous mixtures.
 * Heterogeneous Mixture**

Homogeneous mixtures have only one phase, or have a uniform appearance throughout, and any portion of the sample has the same properties and composition. Each region of a sample is identical to all other regions of the sample. Solutions like salt water and rubbing alcohol, are considered homogeneous because they are in one phase. The first is a mixture of salt dissolved in water, while the second is mainly isopropyl alcohol and water.A sample of milk appears to be uniform to the eye, but simple microscopic examination shows it to be heterogeneous. It is a hetergeneous misture containting water,proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and some vitamins and minerals. Mixtures cab be separated physcally. Physical separation methods include filtering, evaporationg, distilling, decanting, crystallizing, sieving, and the use of magnet.
 * Homogeneous Mixture**

taken from: http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous-Mixtures

Material
Some objects are made of material that seems to have a consistent compositon throughout. This might be a metal, glass, marble, plastic, paper, etc. Such material is referred to as "homogeneous". If the material obviously varies from one region to another, as seen in travertine, wood grains, particle board, are called "heterogeneous". The composition varies throughout a heterogenous material. Rocks can be homogeneous as is the case of fine-gained igneous rocks such as obsidion or heterogeneous as in the coarse-grained igneous rocks such as granite. Clear solutions are homogenous mixtures as is the air.

Substances
A "substance" has a rather definte chemical composition. As such a substance is homogeneous. A salt solution is homogeneous but is not a substance because the chemical composition is quite arbitrary. It can range from very dilute to concentrated and still be a homogeneous material. A substance usually refers to materials such as salt, sugar, water, calcite, quartz, potassium chloride, all of which have definte ratios of their component elements. Nitrogen is a substance, air is not. Zinc or zinc oxide are sustances, bronze and brass are not. Ethanol is a substance, wine is not. Wine can have a wide range of compositions, ethanol contains definite ratios of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in a certain way. A glass of water with ice-cubes is heterogeneous in that there different "phases" that have distinct boundaries and interfaces yet there is a single substance there (water). The ice is a solid phase, the water is a liquid phase.

Material
Some objects are made of material that seems to have a consistent compositon throughout. This might be a metal, glass, marble, plastic, paper, etc. Such material is referred to as "homogeneous". If the material obviously varies from one region to another, as seen in travertine, wood grains, particle board, are called "heterogeneous". The composition varies throughout a heterogenous material. Rocks can be homogeneous as is the case of fine-gained igneous rocks such as obsidion or heterogeneous as in the coarse-grained igneous rocks such as granite. Clear solutions are homogenous mixtures as is the air.

Substances
A "substance" has a rather definte chemical composition. As such a substance is homogeneous. A salt solution is homogeneous but is not a substance because the chemical composition is quite arbitrary. It can range from very dilute to concentrated and still be a homogeneous material. A substance usually refers to materials such as salt, sugar, water, calcite, quartz, potassium chloride, all of which have definte ratios of their component elements. Nitrogen is a substance, air is not. Zinc or zinc oxide are sustances, bronze and brass are not. Ethanol is a substance, wine is not. Wine can have a wide range of compositions, ethanol contains definite ratios of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in a certain way. A glass of water with ice-cubes is heterogeneous in that there different "phases" that have distinct boundaries and interfaces yet there is a single substance there (water). The ice is a solid phase, the water is a liquid phase.

solubility​

Solubility is a measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent to form a stable solution. The composition of many solutions cannot be varied continuously because there are certain fixed limits imposed by the nature of the substances involved. Solid salt and sugar can be mixed in any desired proportions, but unlimited quantities of sugar (or salt) cannot be dissolved in a given amount of water; however, up to the solubility limit, solutions can be produced in any desired proportion. When the solvent contains a maximum quantity of solute, the resulting solution is said to be saturated. The saturation point varies according to the solute. For example, 100 grams of pure water at 25°C (77°F) can dissolve no more than 35.92 grams of NaCl to form a stable saturated solution, but this same amount of water at 25°C dissolves only 0.0013 grams of calcium carbonate. The solubility in these examples is expressed in grams of solute per 100 grams of water, but any suitable units could be used. Water can dissolve any amount of a solute less than that required for a saturated solution. Tables of the solubilities of many substances can be found in various chemistry texts. In some cases there is no upper limit to the amount of a solute that a given quantity of solvent can dissolve, and these substances are said to be miscible in all proportions. Completely miscible substances give homogeneous mixtures (solutions); for example, a mixture of any two gaseous substances is homogeneous. Often, liquids such as alcohol and water can be mixed in all proportions to give homogeneous mixtures. When a saturated solution has been achieved, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the solute in solution and any undissolved solute. Molecules of the solute (or atoms or ions, depending upon the nature of the solute) are continuously going into solution, but since the solution is already saturated, an equal number of molecules of the solute leave the solution and redeposit on the excess solid solute. A state of equilibrium exists when these two processes occur at the same rate, the net result being a constant amount of solute in solution. A saturated solution can therefore be defined more precisely as a solution that is in equilibrium with an excess of the solute at a given temperature. In some instances it is possible to prepare a true solution that contains an excess of the equilibrium amount of solute; this condition is called supersaturation. Supersaturated solutions are unstable. If left undisturbed, they may remain in this state for an indefinite period of time. However, the excess solute can be brought out of solution by a slight agitation or by the addition of any solid particle (dust, a small crystal of solute, etc.) that can act as a center for crystal growth, returning the solution to its normal saturated state.

taked from []

In astronomy and cosmology, **dark matter** is a hypothetical form of matter that is undetectable by its emitted electromagnetic radiation, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter.[1] According to present observations of structures larger than galaxies, as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter and dark energy could account for the vast majority of the mass in the observable universe. Dark matter was postulated by Fritz Zwicky in 1934, to partially account for evidence of "missing mass" in the universe, including the rotational speeds of galaxies, orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet Cluster, and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Fritz Zwicky is the "Father of Dark Matter," coining the term itself, as well as gravitational lensing and the sky survey technique. Dark matter is believed to play a central role in structure formation and galaxy evolution, and has measurable effects on the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background. All these lines of evidence suggest that galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the universe as a whole contain far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic radiation: the remainder is frequently called the "dark matter component," even though there is a small amount of baryonic dark matter. The largest part of dark matter, which does not interact with electromagnetic radiation, is not only "dark" but also, by definition, utterly transparent.[2] The vast majority of the dark matter in the universe is believed to be nonbaryonic, which means that it contains no atoms and that it does not interact with ordinary matter via electromagnetic forces. The nonbaryonic dark matter includes neutrinos, and possibly hypothetical entities such as axions, or supersymmetric particles. Unlike baryonic dark matter, nonbaryonic dark matter does not contribute to the formation of the elements in the early universe ("big bang nucleosynthesis") and so its presence is revealed only via its gravitational attraction. In addition, if the particles of which it is composed are supersymmetric, they can undergo annihilation interactions with themselves resulting in observable by-products such as photons and neutrinos ("indirect detection").[3] Nonbaryonic dark matter is classified in terms of the mass of the particle(s) that is assumed to make it up, and/or the typical velocity dispersion of those particles (since more massive particles move more slowly). There are three prominent hypotheses on nonbaryonic dark matter, called Hot Dark Matter (HDM), Warm Dark Matter (WDM), and Cold Dark Matter (CDM); some combination of these is also possible. The most widely discussed models for nonbaryonic dark matter are based on the Cold Dark Matter hypothesis, and the corresponding particle is most commonly assumed to be a neutralino. Hot dark matter might consist of (massive) neutrinos. Cold dark matter would lead to a "bottom-up" formation of structure in the universe while hot dark matter would result in a "top-down" formation scenario.[4] As important as dark matter is believed to be in the universe, direct evidence of its existence and a concrete understanding of its nature have remained elusive. Though the theory of dark matter remains the most widely accepted theory to explain the anomalies in observed galactic rotation, some alternative theories such as modified Newtonian dynamics and tensor-vector-scalar gravity have been proposed. None of these alternatives, however, has garnered equally widespread support in the scientific community.

taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

Chemistry is an underlying component of most branches of the sciences. All substances can be described by their chemical behaviors and chemical compositions. All "things" are classified as matter. Everything on Earth can be easily described in terms of one of four forms of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Students are familiar with the three common forms of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. A solid is an object that has a form. Its form will not change if the solid is picked up, put in a container, or touched. A liquid is a substance which flows, spreads out, or will fall from your hand if you try to hold it. Liquids take the shape of the containers in which they are placed. A gas is a substance that moves around and fills the container that encloses it. Gases will continue to try and fill up an area even if that area is the size of a room. Outside, gases will expand indefinitely. Plasma is a fully ionized gas containing roughly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged atoms. Plasma is actually the most common form of matter in the Universe, but most children are not familiar with it. The best way to describe plasma for a kindergarten student is to demonstrate plasma by showing the students a "plasma" ball, which generates a plasma. Remember not to confuse blood plasma with this plasma. Blood plasma and plasma the state of matter are two very different things. There is also a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein Condensate. This form of matter only is observed under extremely cold conditions not found naturally on Earth. Scientists are currently learning more and more about how matter can be described in other conditions that are not normal on the Earth’s surface. The Bose-Einstein Condensate is difficult to explain at this time. We suggest that you may mention that other states of matter exist, and that the students will learn more about them in higher grades. Turn on the ball and invite the children to look at the plasma discharging on the sides of the glass. Touch the glass and ask the students to tell you what they see. They will probable say "a lightening bolt". Explain that the plasma is attracted to your finger. It is best not to allow the students to all touch the plasma ball as this can lead to small shocks. If you don’t have a plasma ball, show students a flourescent bulb. The light it generates is actually a glowing plasma.
 * PROCEDURE: **
 * 1) Explain to the students that there are four states of matter; solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Tell them that a fifth state of matter, Bose-Einstein Condensate, also exists, but that they will not study it in kindergarten.
 * 2) Ask your students to find some objects in the class that are solids. Hopefully they will pick up a book or pencil. Ask them why these objects are solids. The objects are solids because their shapes do not change when touched. Point out other solids in the room.
 * 3) Make sure you have a glass of water on your desk when you ask students to find a liquid. If the students are having a difficult time finding a liquid, hold the glass of water and either swirl the water so the students can see that it flows or pour some on your hand to show some properties of liquids. Discuss other examples of liquids like milk or honey.
 * 4) [[image:images/rckc02_.jpg width="469" height="368" align="right"]]Next, have the children place their hands in front of their faces and blow onto their hands so that they feel air. Ask them if this is matter. They may not fully realize that air is matter, because it is a gas that takes up space. Air is a mixture of many types of gases and although air cannot be seen (unless it is very cold), it is everywhere on the Earth’s surface. Discuss other examples of gasses like helium in a balloon, steam from a tea kettle, or any other familiar examples.
 * 5) Explain that plasma is not easy to see, but it is all around us. Tell them that you have a special device called a plasma ball, which you will use to demonstrate plasma.
 * 1) Give each child a balloon and ask them to think of different types of substances that can be used to fill up the balloon. If you have a helium balloon, you may want to bring it in to show the children that there are different types of gases, some lighter than others.
 * 2) You can also put water into a balloon, which would be the liquid state of matter. You may want the student to blow up the balloon several times, so that water will form at the tip of the balloon.
 * 3) Have the students color the balloon picture in the workbook. Have them determine how many states of matter are in the picture. The balloons in this coloring exercise illustrate two of the four states of matter (solid and gas). The actual balloon is a solid and the air inside is a gas. Some students may say plasma is also present even though we can't see it.

taken from www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/.../rcck_1a.html



Description
This section is from the book "[|Beverages And Their Adulteration Origin, Composition, Manufacture, Natural, Artificial, Fermented, Distilled, Alkaloidal And Fruit Juices]", by Harvey W. Wiley. Also available from Amazon: [|Beverages And Their Adulteration]. =Kind Of Matter= The kind of mineral matter is perhaps of more importance in this relation than its total quantity. If the mineral substances present have medicinal qualities, as, for instance, sulphate of [|soda] or sulphate of magnesia, less quantities of total solids are tolerated. If, on the other hand, they are of very little physiological effect, as, for instance, carbonate of lime and the sulphate of lime, a larger quantity may be tolerated. When a [|water] has a total mineral content, of all kinds, exceeding 1,200 parts per million, it may be regarded as ceasing to belong to the potable class and to pass over into the realm of [|mineral waters].

[]

__Material__
Some objects are made of material that seems to have a consistent compositon throughout. This might be a metal, glass, marble, plastic, paper, etc. Such material is referred to as "homogeneous". If the material obviously varies from one region to another, as seen in travertine, wood grains, particle board, are called "heterogeneous". The composition varies throughout a heterogenous material. Rocks can be homogeneous as is the case of fine-gained igneous rocks such as obsidion or heterogeneous as in the coarse-grained igneous rocks such as granite. Clear solutions are homogenous mixtures as is the air.

__ Substance __
A "substance" has a rather definte chemical composition. As such a substance is homogeneous. A salt solution is homogeneous but is not a substance because the chemical composition is quite arbitrary. It can range from very dilute to concentrated and still be a homogeneous material. A substance usually refers to materials such as salt, sugar, water, calcite, quartz, potassium chloride, all of which have definte ratios of their component elements. Nitrogen is a substance, air is not. Zinc or zinc oxide are sustances, bronze and brass are not. Ethanol is a substance, wine is not. Wine can have a wide range of compositions, ethanol contains definite ratios of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in a certain way. A glass of water with ice-cubes is heterogeneous in that there different "phases" that have distinct boundaries and interfaces yet there is a single substance there (water). The ice is a solid phase, the water is a liquid phase.

**__Taken__** Kinds of Matter Table of Contents
 * 1) Chart on Understanding Matter
 * 2) Elements
 * element
 * atom
 * Periodic Table of Elements
 * 1) The Periodic Table
 * chemical symbol
 * hydrogen


 * The words in purple are vocabulary words assessed in the final vocabulary test. ||
 * oxygen
 * calcium
 * 1) Compounds
 * compound
 * chemical change
 * chemical property
 * physical property
 * molecule
 * 1) Chemical Formulas
 * chemical symbol
 * 1) Timeline of Famous Chemists
 * 2) Mixtures
 * 3) Solutions
 * solute
 * solvent
 * substance
 * 1) Alloys
 * 2) An Activity - Molecules and Temperature
 * 3) Atoms - Daily Oral Language
 * 4) Vocabulary List
 * 5) Vocabulary Test - fill in the blanks - using context
 * 6) Vocabulary - matching
 * 7) Chapter Assessment - multiple choice
 * 8) Chapter Assessment - T or F
 * 9)  Classification of Matter From: []

Material
[|http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/thomson.gif]

"Japanese physicists claim to have found evidence of 'strange matter' in cosmic rays. Their detectors have recorded two separate events, each of which can be explained by the arrival of a particle with a charge 14 times as great as the charge on a proton, and a mass 170 times the proton's mass. No atomic nucleus -- made of protons and neutrons -- exists that matches this description, but these properties are precisely in the range predicted for so-called quark nuggets, which physicists believe may be made of a type of material dubbed strange matter." //taken from:[] //

//taken from:[] //

Some objects are made of material that seems to have a consistent compositon throughout. This might be a metal, glass, marble, plastic, paper, etc. Such material is referred to as "homogeneous". If the material obviously varies from one region to another, as seen in travertine, wood grains, particle board, are called "heterogeneous". The composition varies throughout a heterogenous material. Rocks can be homogeneous as is the case of fine-gained igneous rocks such as obsidion or heterogeneous as in the coarse-grained igneous rocks such as granite. Clear solutions are homogenous mixtures as is the air.

Substances
A "substance" has a rather definte chemical composition. As such a substance is homogeneous. A salt solution is homogeneous but is not a substance because the chemical composition is quite arbitrary. It can range from very dilute to concentrated and still be a homogeneous material. A substance usually refers to materials such as salt, sugar, water, calcite, quartz, potassium chloride, all of which have definte ratios of their component elements. Nitrogen is a substance, air is not. Zinc or zinc oxide are sustances, bronze and brass are not. Ethanol is a substance, wine is not. Wine can have a wide range of compositions, ethanol contains definite ratios of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in a certain way. A glass of water with ice-cubes is heterogeneous in that there different "phases" that have distinct boundaries and interfaces yet there is a single substance there (water). The ice is a solid phase, the water is a liquid phase.